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- Network Working Group David D. Clark
- Request for Comments: 932 MIT, LCS
- January 1985
-
- A SUBNETWORK ADDRESSING SCHEME
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- STATUS OF THIS MEMO
-
- This RFC suggests a proposed protocol for the ARPA-Internet
- community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
- Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
-
- INTRODUCTION
-
- Several recent RFCs have discussed the need for a "subnet" structure
- within the internet addressing scheme, and have proposed strategies
- for "subnetwork" addressing and routing. In particular, Jeff Mogul
- in his RFC-917, "Internet Subnets", describes an addressing scheme in
- which a variable number of the leading bits of the host portion of
- the address are used to identify the subnet. The drawback to this
- scheme is that it is necessary to modify the host implementation in
- order to implement it. While the modification is a simple one, it is
- necessary to retrofit it into all implementations, including those
- which are already in the field. (See RFC-917 by Mogul for various
- alternative approaches to this problem, such as using Address
- Resolution Protocol.)
-
- This RFC proposes an alternative addressing scheme for subnets which,
- in most cases, requires no modification to host software whatsoever.
- The drawbacks of this scheme are that the total number of subnets in
- any one network are limited, and that modification is required to all
- gateways.
-
- THE PROPOSAL
-
- In this scheme, the individual subnets of a network are numbered
- using Class C addresses. Since it is necessary with this scheme that
- a Class C address used to number a subnet be distinguishable from a
- Class C address used to number an isolated network, we will reserve
- for subnetworks the upper half of the Class C address space, in other
- words all those Class C addresses for which the high order bit is on.
- When a network is to be organized as a series of subnetworks, a block
- of these reserved Class C addresses will be assigned to that network,
- specifically a block of 256 addresses having the two first bytes
- identical. Thus, the various subnetworks of a network are
- distinguished by the third byte of the Internet address. (This
- addressing scheme implies the limitation that there can only be 256
- subnetworks in a net. If more networks are required, two blocks will
- have to be allocated, and the total viewed as two separate networks.)
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- Clark [Page 1]
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- RFC 932 January 1985
- A Subnetwork Addressing Scheme
-
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- The gateways and hosts attached to this subnetted network use these
- addresses as ordinary Class C addresses. Thus, no modification to
- any host software is required for hosts attached to a subnetwork.
-
- For gateways not directly attached to the subnetted network, it is an
- unacceptable burden to separately store the routing information to
- each of the subnets. The goal of any subnet addressing scheme is to
- provide a strategy by which distant gateways can store routing
- information for the network as a whole. In this scheme, since the
- first two bytes of the address is the same for every subnet in the
- network, those first two bytes can be stored and manipulated as if
- they are a single Class B address by a distant gateway. These
- addresses, which can be used either as a Class B or Class C address
- as appropriate, have been informally called Class "B 1/2" addresses.
-
- In more detail, a gateway would treat Class C addresses as follows
- under the scheme. First, test to see whether the high order bit of
- the address is on. If not, the address is an ordinary Class C
- address and should be treated as such.
-
- If the bit is on, this Class C address identifies a subnet of a
- network. Test to see if this gateway is attached to that network.
- If so, treat the address as an ordinary Class C address.
-
- If the gateway is not attached to the network containing that
- subnetwork, discard the third byte of the Class C address and treat
- the resulting two bytes as a Class B address. Note that there can be
- no conflict between this two-byte pattern and an ordinary Class B
- address, because the first bits of this address are not those of a
- valid Class B address, but rather those of a Class C address.
-
- OPTIMIZATIONS
-
- If a network grows to more than 256 subnetworks, it will be necessary
- to design two distinct blocks of special Class C addresses, and to
- view this aggregate as two separate networks. However, the gateways
- of these two networks can, by proper design, run a joint routing
- algorithm which maintains optimal routes between the two halves, even
- if they are connected together by a number of gateways.
-
- Indeed, in general it is possible for gateways that are not directly
- attached to a subnetworked network to be specially programmed to
- remember the individual Class C addresses, if doing so provides
- greatly improved network efficiency in some particular case.
-
- It was stated earlier that no modification to the host software is
- necessary to implement this scheme. There is one case in which a
-
-
- Clark [Page 2]
-
-
-
- RFC 932 January 1985
- A Subnetwork Addressing Scheme
-
-
- minor modification may prove helpful. Consider the case of a distant
- host, not immediately attached to this subnetworked network. That
- host, even though at a distance, will nonetheless maintain separate
- routing entries for each of the distinct subnetwork addresses about
- which it has any knowledge. For most hosts, storing this information
- for each subnet represents no problem, because most implementations
- do not try to remember routing information about every network
- address in the Internet, but only those addresses that are of current
- interest. If, however, for some reason the host has a table which
- attempts to remember routing information about every Internet address
- it has ever seen, than that host should be programmed to understand
- the gateway's algorithm for collapsing the addresses of distant
- subnets from three bytes to two. However, it is not a recommended
- implementation strategy for the host to maintain this degree of
- routing information, so under normal circumstances, the host need not
- be concerned with the C to B conversion.
-
- DRAWBACK
-
- The major drawback of this scheme is that any implementation storing
- large tables of addresses must be changed to know the "B 1/2"
- conversion rule. Most importantly, all gateways must be programmed to
- know this rule. Thus, adoption of this scheme will require a
- scheduled mandatory change by every gateway implementation. The
- difficulty of organizing this is unknown.
-
- OTHER VARIATIONS
-
- It is possible to imagine other variations on the patterns of
- collapsing addresses. For example, 256 Class B addresses could be
- gathered together and collapsed into one Class A address. However,
- since the first three bits of the resulting Class A address would be
- constrained, this would permit only 32 such subnetted networks to
- exist. A more interesting alternative would be to permit the
- collapse of Class C addresses into a single Class A address. It is
- not entirely obvious the best way of organizing the sub-fields of
- this address, but this combination would permit a few very large nets
- of subnets to be assembled within the Internet.
-
- The most interesting variation of "B 1/2" addresses is to increase
- the number of bits used to identify the subnet by taking bits from
- the resulting Class B address. For example, if 10 bits were used to
- identify the subnet (providing 1024 subnets per network), then the
- gateway, when forming the equivalent address, would not only drop the
- third byte but also mask the last two bits of the B address. Since
- the first three bits of the address are constrained, this would leave
- 13 bits for the network number, or 8192 possible subnetworked
-
-
- Clark [Page 3]
-
-
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- RFC 932 January 1985
- A Subnetwork Addressing Scheme
-
-
- networks. This number is not as large as would be desirable, so it
- is clear that selecting the size of the subnet field is an important
- compromise.
-
- Danny Cohen has suggested that this scheme should be fully
- generalized so that the boundaries between the network, subnetwork,
- and host field be arbitrarily movable. The problem in such a
- generalization is to determine how the gateway is to maintain the
- table or algorithm which permits the collapsing of the address to
- occur. This RFC proposes that, in the short run, only one single
- form of "B 1/2" addresses be implemented as an Internet subnet
- standard.
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- Clark [Page 4]
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